Astaxanthin, paub ua lus Askiv li astaxanthin, yog xim liab dav pom nyob rau hauv cov kab mob nyob, thiab txawm hais tias lo lus "astaxanthin" tsis yog siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, astaxanthin muaj nyob rau hauv ntau hom ntawm tib neeg cov zaub mov. Cov xim liab ntawm cov crustaceans feem ntau xws li cws, lobster thiab roob ris yog vim qhov txuam ntawm astaxanthin, lub ntuj antioxidant uas yog thawj zaug cais tawm ntawm lobster xyoo 1938 thiab hu ua astaxanthin. Hauv kaum xyoo tom ntej no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob antioxidant, uas nws lub npe tshuaj yog: 3,3'-dihydroxy-4, 4'-diketonyl-p, B'-carotene, molecular mis C40H52O4, molecular hnyav 596. 86.
Astaxanthin yog keto-carotenoid thiab terpenoid unsaturated compound. Astaxanthin tau yooj yim oxidized, thiab dhau los ua astaxanthin tom qab oxidation. Astaxanthin nyob rau hauv daim ntawv siv lead ua yog ib tug zoo tsaus liab doog-xim av hmoov nrog ib tug liab xim thiab ib tug melting point ntawm txog 224 degree. Nws yog rog-soluble, insoluble hauv dej thiab yooj yim soluble hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic xws li chloroform, acetone, benzene thiab carbon disulfide. Cov qauv tshuaj ntawm astaxanthin yog tsim los ntawm plaub lub isoprene units txuas nrog ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus, thiab ob lub isoprene units ntawm ob qhov kawg los tsim ib lub nplhaib rau lub nplhaib.
Ntuj astaxanthin yog lub zog quencher ntawm singlet oxygen. Ntuj astaxanthin muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li carotenoid, -carotene thiab zeaxanthin hauv kev tiv thaiv peroxidation ntawm unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters, thiab nws cov tshuaj antioxidant yog 550 npaug ntawm cov vitamin E thiab 10 npaug ntawm carotenoids xws li -carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein thiab carotenoid. , thiab hu ua "super vitamin E" thiab "super antioxidant", Nws yog lub npe hu ua "super vitamin E" thiab "super antioxidant". Cov kev sim tsiaj tau pom tias astaxanthin tuaj yeem tshem tawm NO2, sulfide thiab disulfide, thiab tseem txo cov lipid peroxidation, zoo inhibiting dawb radical-induced lipid peroxidation. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, astaxanthin muaj kev tiv thaiv kabmob kheesxaws, cuam tshuam rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov tsiaj, ntxiv dag zog rau cov metabolism hauv aerobic, ua rau tib neeg cov leeg muaj zog thiab kam rau ua, thiab muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Astaxanthin muaj ib pab pawg hydroxyl nyob rau hauv txhua yam ntawm nws lub davhlau ya nyob twg lub nplhaib, thiab pab pawg hydroxyl dawb no tuaj yeem tsim esters nrog fatty acids. Yog tias ib qho ntawm cov pab pawg hydroxyl tsim cov ester nrog fatty acid, nws yog hu ua astaxanthin monoester; yog tias ob pawg hydroxyl tsim ib qho ester nrog fatty acid, nws hu ua astaxanthin diester. Tom qab esterification, nws cov hydrophobicity yog txhim kho thiab ob ester yog lipophilic ntau dua li ib ester.
Astaxanthin ntau lawm txoj kev yog mas ntuj extraction thiab tshuaj synthesis ntawm ob:
Natural extraction ntawm astaxanthin.
Tam sim no qhov chaw lom neeg ntawm astaxanthin yog tsim los ntawm microbial fermentation thiab muab rho tawm los ntawm crustacean ua offal.
Astaxanthin yog dav pom nyob rau hauv salmon, cws, crab, ornamental ntses thiab ntses qe, nrog rau cov nplooj, paj thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Feem ntau ntawm marine crustaceans thiab ntses muaj astaxanthin, tab sis lawv tau txais los ntawm marine microalgae, phytoplankton thiab nroj tsuag los ntawm cov khoom noj. Extraction los ntawm crustacean ua offal yog ib txoj kev tseem ceeb ntawm astaxanthin ntau lawm, thiab lub ntsiab txoj kev muaj xws li alkali extraction, roj solubilization, organic hnyav txoj kev, thiab supercritical C02 kua extraction. Feem ntau ntawm cov astaxanthin muab rho tawm los ntawm cov kab mob yog trans-structured thiab nyab xeeb siv.
Tam sim no, tshaj plaws tshaj tawm ob qho tib si hauv tsev thiab thoob ntiaj teb yog zaj sawv algae. Rainy coccolithophore yog ib yam kab mob unicellular uas accumulates astaxanthin nyob rau hauv lub cev thaum lub nitrogen qhov chaw yog tsis muaj thaum lub sij hawm kab lis kev cai txheej txheem, thiab yog hais tias divalent ferrous ions ntxiv rau cov kab lis kev cai nruab nrab, cov synthesis ntawm astaxanthin yuav ua tau loj, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus astaxanthin tuaj yeem ncav cuag. 40 mg / L kab lis kev cai tov thiab 43 mg / g qhuav cell hnyav. Kev tsim cov astaxanthin los ntawm kab lis kev cai Chlorella yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov kab mob hauv ib leeg, kab lis kev cai yooj yim, kev rho tawm yooj yim, thiab cov hmoov algal tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha rau cov khoom noj thiab kev lag luam pub, txo cov nqi. Ntxiv nrog rau Chlorella, astaxanthin kuj tau muab rho tawm los ntawm culturing ntsuab algae, Chlamydomonas, Naked algae, Umbelliferous algae, thiab lwm yam. tag nrho cov muaj astaxanthin.
Tshuaj synthesis.
Vim tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm astaxanthin tsim los ntawm txoj kev fermentation tsawg, yog li cov tshuaj synthesis ntawm astaxanthin muaj qhov sib tw kom zoo dua. Lub synthesis ntawm astaxanthin yuav tsum muaj ntau yam tshuaj thiab biocatalytic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom tiav, uas lub luag hauj lwm ntawm biocatalysis yog xaiv lub tso suab-configuration ntawm intermediate carbon atom los yog hloov txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov pa atom nyob rau hauv lub synthesis txheej txheem. Lub ntsiab precursor tshuaj rau cov tshuaj synthesis yog (S)-3-acetic acid-4-oxo- -azulenone, uas yog cov khoom ntawm asymmetric hydrolysis ntawm (R)-terpineol acetate los ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv, ua raws li kev rho tawm, kev faib tawm tam sim no thiab cov txheej txheem recrystallization. Cov tshuaj precursor no reactively hloov mus rau hauv vitriol ntsev uas muaj 15 carbon atoms, thiab thaum kawg muaj ob vitriol ntsev uas muaj 15 carbon atoms nrog ib tug Thaum kawg, astaxanthin yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ob 15-carbon vitriol ntsev nrog ib tug {{ 10}} carbon ob aldehyde.
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